In vivo comprehensive metabolite profiling of esculetin and esculin derived from chicory in hyperuricemia rats using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Abstract

Chicory, renowned for its multifaceted benefits, houses two vital coumarins, esculetin and esculin, both instrumental in reducing uric acid. This study emphasizes the metabolic pathways of esculetin and esculin under both standard and hyperuricemia conditions. Hyperuricemia was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats using oxonic acid potassium salt (300 mg·kg−1) and a 10% fructose water regimen over 21 days. Leveraging the ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole‐orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry, we analyzed the fragmentation behaviors of esculetin and esculin in rat bio‐samples. Post oral‐intake of esculetin or esculin, a notable dip in serum uric acid levels was observed in hyperuricemia rats. The investigation unveiled 24 esculetin metabolites and 14 for esculin. The metabolic pathways of both compounds were hydrolysis, hydroxylation, hydrogenation, dehydroxylation, glucuronidation, sulfation, and methylation. Interestingly, certain metabolites presented variations between standard and hyperuricemia rats, indicating that elevated levels of uric acid may affect enzyme activity linked to these metabolic reactions. This is the first systematic study on comparison of metabolic profiles of esculetin and esculin in both normal and hyperuricemia states, which was helpful to enrich our understanding of the complicated structure–activity relationships between esculin and esculetin and shed light to their action mechanism.