Elucidating systemic immune responses to acute and convalescent SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in children and elderly individuals

Author:

Rajamanickam Anuradha1ORCID,Nathella Pavan Kumar2,Venkataraman Aishwarya3,Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini3,Rajendraprasath Sasidaran4,Devaleenal Bella D.3,Pandiarajan Arul Nancy1,Krishnakumar Gowshika4,Venkat Ramanan Padmasani4,Babu Subash15

Affiliation:

1. Department of ICER National Institutes of Health‐National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis—International Center for Excellence in Research Chennai India

2. Department of Immunology ICMR−National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis Chennai India

3. Department of Clinical Research ICMR−National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis Chennai India

4. Department of Paediatrics Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai India

5. Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), a causative pathogen of the COVID‐19 pandemic, affects all age groups. However, various studies have shown that COVID‐19 presentation and severity vary considerably with age. We, therefore, wanted to examine the differences between the immune responses of children with COVID‐19 and elderly COVID‐19 individuals.MethodsWe analyzed cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and acute phase proteins in acute and convalescent COVID‐19 children and the elderly with acute and convalescent COVID‐19.ResultsWe show that most of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines (interferon [IFN]γ, interleukin [IL]‐2, tumor necrosis factor‐α [TNFα], IL‐1α, IFNα, IFNβ, IL‐6, IL‐12, IL‐3, IL‐7, IL‐1Ra, IL‐13, and IL‐10), chemokines (CCL4, CCL11, CCL19, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CXL10), growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor and CD40L) and acute phase proteins (C‐reactive protein, serum amyloid P, and haptoglobin) were decreased in children with acute COVID 19 as compared with elderly individuals. In contrast, children with acute COVID‐19 exhibited elevated levels of cytokines‐ IL‐1β, IL‐33, IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐25, growth factors—fibroblast growth factor‐2, platelet‐ derived growth factors‐BB, and transforming growth factorα as compared with elderly individuals. Similar, differences were manifest in children and elderly with convalescent COVID‐19.ConclusionThus, COVID‐19 children are characterized by distinct cytokine/chemokine/growth factor/acute phase protein markers that are markedly different from elderly COVID‐19 individuals.

Funder

Indian Council of Medical Research

Publisher

Wiley

Reference31 articles.

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2. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children and Adolescents Compared With Adults

3. Are children less susceptible to COVID-19?

4. Systematic review of COVID‐19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults

5. Age-Related Differences in Immunological Responses to SARS-CoV-2

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