Affiliation:
1. Department of ICER National Institutes of Health‐National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis—International Center for Excellence in Research Chennai India
2. Department of Immunology ICMR−National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis Chennai India
3. Department of Clinical Research ICMR−National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis Chennai India
4. Department of Paediatrics Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research Chennai India
5. Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), a causative pathogen of the COVID‐19 pandemic, affects all age groups. However, various studies have shown that COVID‐19 presentation and severity vary considerably with age. We, therefore, wanted to examine the differences between the immune responses of children with COVID‐19 and elderly COVID‐19 individuals.MethodsWe analyzed cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and acute phase proteins in acute and convalescent COVID‐19 children and the elderly with acute and convalescent COVID‐19.ResultsWe show that most of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines (interferon [IFN]γ, interleukin [IL]‐2, tumor necrosis factor‐α [TNFα], IL‐1α, IFNα, IFNβ, IL‐6, IL‐12, IL‐3, IL‐7, IL‐1Ra, IL‐13, and IL‐10), chemokines (CCL4, CCL11, CCL19, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CXL10), growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor and CD40L) and acute phase proteins (C‐reactive protein, serum amyloid P, and haptoglobin) were decreased in children with acute COVID 19 as compared with elderly individuals. In contrast, children with acute COVID‐19 exhibited elevated levels of cytokines‐ IL‐1β, IL‐33, IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐25, growth factors—fibroblast growth factor‐2, platelet‐ derived growth factors‐BB, and transforming growth factorα as compared with elderly individuals. Similar, differences were manifest in children and elderly with convalescent COVID‐19.ConclusionThus, COVID‐19 children are characterized by distinct cytokine/chemokine/growth factor/acute phase protein markers that are markedly different from elderly COVID‐19 individuals.
Funder
Indian Council of Medical Research