Host‐Variable‐Embedding Augmented Microbiome‐Based Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Diseases by Deep Learning

Author:

Wu Shunyao1,Li Zhiruo2,Chen Yuzhu1,Zhang Mingqian1,Sun Yangyang1,Xing Jieqi1,Zhao Fengyang1,Huang Shi3,Knight Rob4,Su Xiaoquan1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. College of Computer Science and Technology Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China

2. School of Mathematics and Statistics Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China

3. Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China

4. Department of Pediatrics and Center for Microbiome Innovation University of California at San Diego San Diego CA 92093 USA

Abstract

Microbiome has emerged as a promising indicator or predictor of human diseases. However, previous studies have typically labeled each specimen as either healthy or with a specific disease, ignoring prevalence of complications or comorbidities in actual cohorts, which may confound the microbial–disease associations. For instance, a patient may suffer from multiple diseases, making it challenging to detect their health status accurately. Furthermore, host phenotypes like physiological characteristics and lifestyles can alter microbiome structure, but such information has not yet been fully utilized in data models. To address these issues, a highly explainable deep learning (DL) method called Meta‐Spec is proposed. Using a deep neural network (DNN)‐based approach, it encodes and embeds refined host variables with microbiome features, enabling the detection of multiple diseases simultaneously. Experiments show that Meta‐Spec outperforms regular machine learning (ML) strategies for multilabel disease screening in several cohorts. More importantly, Meta‐Spec successfully detects comorbidities that are often missed by other approaches. In addition, for its high interpretability, Meta‐Spec captures key factors that shape disease patterns from host variables and microbes. Hence, these efforts improve the feasibility and sensitivity of microbiome‐based disease screening in practical scenarios, representing a significant step toward personalized medicine and better health outcomes.

Funder

National Key Research and Development Program of China

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province

Youth Innovation Technology Project of Higher School in Shandong Province

Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

General Medicine

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