Affiliation:
1. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University Gopalganj Bangladesh
2. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Tangail Bangladesh
3. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Primeasia University Dhaka Bangladesh
4. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh
5. Department of Pharmacy Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Tangail Bangladesh
6. Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Tangail Bangladesh
7. Department of Computer Science and Engineering Islamic University Kushtia Bangladesh
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundA form of cancer called astrocytoma can develop in the brain or spinal cord and sometimes causes death. A detailed overview of the precise signaling cascade underlying astrocytoma formation has not yet been revealed, although various factors have been investigated. Therefore, our objective was to unravel and summarize our current understanding of molecular genetics and associated signaling pathways with some possible therapeutic strategies for astrocytoma.Recent FindingsIn general, four different forms of astrocytoma have been identified in individuals, including circumscribed, diffuse, anaplastic, and multiforme glioblastoma, according to a recent literature review. All types of astrocytoma have a direct connection with some oncogenic signaling cascade. Common signaling is MAPK cascade, including Ras‐Raf‐ERK, up‐regulated with activating EGFR/AKT/PTEN/mTOR and PDGFR. Recent breakthrough studies found that BRAF mutations, including KIAA1549: BRAF and BRAF V600E are responsible for astrocytoma progression. Additionally, cancer progression is influenced by mutations in some tumor suppressor genes, such as the Tp53/ATRX and MGMT mutant. As synthetic medications must cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), modulating signal systems such as miRNA is the primary option for treating patients with astrocytoma. However, available surgery, radiation therapy, and experimental therapies such as adjuvant therapy, anti‐angiogenic therapy, and EGFR‐targeting antibody drug are the usual treatment for most types of astrocytoma. Similar to conventional anticancer medications, some phytochemicals slow tumor growth by simultaneously controlling several cellular proteins, including those involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, metastatic spread, tyrosine kinase, growth factor receptor, and antioxidant‐related proteins.ConclusionIn conclusion, cellular and molecular signaling is directly associated with the development of astrocytoma, and a combination of conventional and alternative therapies can improve the malignancy of cancer patients.