Enhanced CTLA‐4 blockade anti‐tumor immunity with APG‐157 combination in a murine head and neck cancer

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundA phase I clinical study for patients with locally advanced H&N cancer with a new class of botanical drug APG‐157 provided hints of potential synergy with immunotherapy. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of APG‐157 and immune checkpoint inhibitors.MethodsCCL23, UM‐SCC1 (human), and SCCVII (HPV−), MEER (HPV+) (murine) H&N cancer cell lines were utilized for in vitro and in vivo studies. We measured tumor growth by treating the mice with APG‐157, anti‐PD‐1, and anti‐CTLA‐4 antibody combinations (8 groups). The tumor microenvironments were assessed by multi‐color flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and RNA‐seq analysis. Fecal microbiome was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequence.ResultsAmong the eight treatment groups, APG‐157 + anti‐CTLA‐4 demonstrated the best tumor growth suppression (p = 0.0065 compared to the control), followed by anti‐PD‐1 + anti‐CTLA‐4 treatment group (p = 0.48 compared to the control). Immunophenotype showed over 30% of CD8+ T cells in APG‐157 + anti‐CTLA‐4 group compared to 4%–5% of CD8+ T cells for the control group. Differential gene expression analysis revealed that APG‐157 + anti‐CTLA‐4 group showed an enriched set of genes for inflammatory response and apoptotic signaling pathways. The fecal microbiome analysis showed a substantial difference of lactobacillus genus among groups, highest for APG‐157 + anti‐CTLA‐4 treatment group. We were unable to perform correlative studies for MEER model as there was tumor growth suppression with all treatment conditions, except for the untreated control group.ConclusionsThe results indicate that APG‐157 and immune checkpoint inhibitor combination treatment could potentially lead to improved tumor control.