Understanding the stability of a plastic‐degrading Rieske iron oxidoreductase system

Abstract

AbstractRieske oxygenases (ROs) are a diverse metalloenzyme class with growing potential in bioconversion and synthetic applications. We postulated that ROs are nonetheless underutilized because they are unstable. Terephthalate dioxygenase (TPADO PDB ID 7Q05) is a structurally characterized heterohexameric α3β3 RO that, with its cognate reductase (TPARED), catalyzes the first intracellular step of bacterial polyethylene terephthalate plastic bioconversion. Here, we showed that the heterologously expressed TPADO/TPARED system exhibits only ~300 total turnovers at its optimal pH and temperature. We investigated the thermal stability of the system and the unfolding pathway of TPADO through a combination of biochemical and biophysical approaches. The system's activity is thermally limited by a melting temperature (Tm) of 39.9°C for the monomeric TPARED, while the independent Tm of TPADO is 50.8°C. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed a two‐step thermal decomposition pathway for TPADO with Tm values of 47.6 and 58.0°C (ΔH = 210 and 509 kcal mol−1, respectively) for each step. Temperature‐dependent small‐angle x‐ray scattering and dynamic light scattering both detected heat‐induced dissociation of TPADO subunits at 53.8°C, followed by higher‐temperature loss of tertiary structure that coincided with protein aggregation. The computed enthalpies of dissociation for the monomer interfaces were most congruent with a decomposition pathway initiated by β‐β interface dissociation, a pattern predicted to be widespread in ROs. As a strategy for enhancing TPADO stability, we propose prioritizing the re‐engineering of the β subunit interfaces, with subsequent targeted improvements of the subunits.