Abstract
Abstract
Hate speech is one of a family of concepts that refer to speech that is designed to offend and denigrate members of a group. Initially, most definitions of hate speech included forms of expression that dehumanize members of racial, religious, or ethnic groups. That view of hate speech has expanded to include additional categories such as gender, age, sexual orientation, and physical capacity. A long tradition of research has sought to explain hate speech as one rational outcome of the communication process when people base their communication with others on group membership.
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