Affiliation:
1. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo China
2. Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Imaging Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
3. Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute Ningbo China
Abstract
AbstractOxygen‐enhanced MR imaging (OE‐MRI) is a special proton imaging technique that can be performed without modifying the scanner hardware. Many fundamental studies have been conducted following the initial reporting of this technique in 1996, illustrating the high potential for its clinical application. This review aims to summarise and analyse current pulse sequences and T1 measurement methods for OE‐MRI, including fundamental theories, existing pulse sequences applied to OE‐MRI acquisition and T1 mapping. Wash‐in and wash‐out time identify lung function and are sensitive to ventilation; thus, dynamic OE‐MRI is also discussed in this review. We compare OE‐MRI with the primary competitive technique, hyperpolarised gas MRI. Finally, an overview of lower‐field applications of OE‐MRI is highlighted, as relatively recent publications demonstrated positive results. Lower‐field OE‐MRI, which is lower than 1.5 T, could be an alternative modality for detecting lung diseases. This educational review is aimed at researchers who want a quick summary of the steps needed to perform pulmonary OE‐MRI with a particular focus on sequence design, settings, and quantification methods.