Bisphosphonates Preserve Bone Mineral Density and Suppress Bone Turnover Markers in Early Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Trials

Abstract

ABSTRACTMost women do not qualify for pharmacologic osteoporosis treatment until more than a decade after menopause, by which time they will have lost up to 30% of their bone mass and may have already sustained fractures. Short or intermittent courses of bisphosphonate therapy, initiated around the time of menopause, might prevent excessive bone loss and lower long‐term fracture risk. We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine the effects of nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates on fracture incidence, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone turnover markers in early menopausal women (ie, perimenopausal or <5 years postmenopausal) over ≥12 months. Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, and CINAHL were searched in July 2022. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Random effect meta‐analysis was undertaken using RevMan v5.3. In total, 12 trials were included (n = 1722 women); five evaluated alendronate, three risedronate, three ibandronate, and one zoledronate. Four were at low risk of bias; eight raised some concerns. Fractures were infrequent in the three studies that reported them. Compared with placebo, bisphosphonates improved BMD over 12 months (mean percentage difference, 95% confidence interval [CI]) at the spine (4.32%, 95% CI, 3.10%–5.54%, p < 0.0001, n = 8 studies), the femoral neck (2.56%, 95% CI, 1.85%–3.27%, p = 0.001, n = 6 studies), and the total hip (1.22%, 95% CI 0.16%–2.28%, p = 0.002, n = 4 studies). Over treatment durations of 24 to 72 months, bisphosphonates improved BMD at the spine (5.81%, 95% CI 4.71%–6.91%, p < 0.0001, n = 8 studies), femoral neck (3.89%, 95% CI 2.73%–5.05%, p = 0.0001, n = 5 studies) and total hip (4.09%, 95% CI 2.81%–5.37%, p < 0.0001, n = 4 studies). Bisphosphonates reduced urinary N‐telopeptide (−52.2%, 95% CI −60.3% to −44.2%, p < 0.00001, n = 3 studies) and bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (−34.2%, 95% CI −42.6% to −25.8%, p < 0.00001, n = 4 studies) more than placebo at 12 months. This systematic review and meta‐analysis shows that bisphosphonates improve BMD and lower bone turnover markers in early menopause, warranting further investigation of these agents for osteoporosis prevention. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.