Affiliation:
1. Section of Neonatology Windsor Regional Hospital Windsor Ontario Canada
2. Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada
3. Department of Pediatrics Mount Sinai Hospital New York City New York USA
4. Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
Abstract
ObjectiveTo determine the sex‐specific diaphragm thickness in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) as well as in healthy term and near‐term infants.MethodsWe performed a secondary analysis of an observational study to compare the sonographic diaphragm thickness at end expiration (DTexp) in female and male infants. The study included infants with BPD and healthy near‐term and term infants. To account for differences in anthropometric measurements, we calculated the DTexp as a ratio of body surface area (BSA). Statistical analysis was performed using R statistical software.ResultsOf the 111 infants included, 54 (48.6%) were female. There were no significant differences in mean (SD) birth gestation [26.2 (2.1) vs 26.3 (2.1) weeks] and mean study age [38.0 (2.0) vs 37.4 (1.1) weeks] of male vs female infants with BPD. The mean (SD) DTexp [1.5 (0.4) mm vs 1.2 (0.3) mm, P = .02] and DTexp/BSA [8.3 (2.3) mm/m2 vs 6.7 (1.6) mm/m2, P < .01] were significantly thicker in female than male infants with BPD. In contrast, there were no significant differences in DTexp between sexes [1.5 (0.4) mm vs 1.5 (0.3) mm, P = .89] within the healthy control group. Moreover, there were no differences in inspiratory diaphragm thickness, diaphragm thickness fraction, or excursion between males and females in the BPD or healthy groups.ConclusionsMale infants with BPD exhibit thinner diaphragm thickness compared with female infants. Its implication on higher rates of BPD in preterm males is unclear, but this finding highlights the need for further investigation.
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