Affiliation:
1. Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Southwest Hospital Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing China
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundThere are conflicting reports on the factors that increase the likelihood of postpartum urinary retention (PUR).ObjectivesWe completed an updated systematic review and meta‐analysis to identify the risk factors for PUR.Search StrategyAn exhaustive search of the literature was undertaken using multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Embase to identify pertinent studies published up until November 4, 2023.Selection CriteriaObservational studies that provided outcomes to calculate the risk factors for PUR were included.Data Collection and AnalysisTwo investigators separately performed the extraction of pertinent data from the articles. The risk factors for PUR were identified by pooling adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity test, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias assessment were performed.Main ResultsThis meta‐analysis included 21 studies with a total of 36 951 participants. Meta‐analysis was performed for 14 risk factors, and eight of these were statistically significant. The risk factors that were identified in this review included instrumental delivery (OR, 2.96 [95% CI, 1.82–4.80]; 95% prediction interval [PI], 0.67–12.98), relatively long duration of labor (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02–1.06]; 95% PI, 1.00–1.08), episiotomy (OR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.19–2.06] 95% PI, 0.64–3.83), nulliparity (OR, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.30–1.84]; 95% PI, 0.94–2.77), epidural analgesia (OR, 2.99 [95% CI, 1.78–5.03]; 95% PI, 0.53–16.76), labor augmentation (OR, 2.21 [95% CI, 1.49–3.28]; 95% PI, 0.12–39.26), labor induction (OR, 1.73 [95% CI, 1.12–2.66]; 95% PI, 0.40–7.39), and perineal injury (OR, 2.75 [95% CI, 1.95–3.89]; 95% PI, 1.10–6.92).ConclusionInstrumental delivery, extended labor duration, episiotomy, nulliparity, epidural analgesia, labor augmentation/induction, and perineal injury are significant risk factors for PUR. The findings could help physicians identify patients at risk in the postpartum setting.