Sustainable approaches to water management and water quality in hydraulic fracturing for unconventional oil and gas development in the United States: A critical review and compilation

Abstract

AbstractThis study critically reviews the impact of hydraulic fracturing on water management and quality, emphasizing environmental, economic, and sustainability challenges. Hydraulic fracturing, essential for extracting hydrocarbons from unconventional reservoirs, requires significant water volumes, often competing with local water demands. The study explores the use of produced water as an alternative to freshwater, examining its potential to alleviate water scarcity while mitigating environmental risks. It identifies key challenges such as contamination from hydraulic fracturing fluids, harmful substances in produced water, and groundwater migration. Additionally, the review highlights advanced water treatment technologies, including reverse osmosis and thermal methods, for addressing the high salinity and toxicity of wastewater. Strategies for recycling and reusing produced water are analyzed to reduce freshwater dependency and improve operational efficiency. The paper also discusses innovative approaches like alternative fracturing fluids and non‐aqueous additives to further enhance sustainability. Findings underscore the critical need for comprehensive water management strategies that balance resource extraction with environmental protection. Recommendations include stricter regulations, technological advancements, and adopting best practices to minimize ecological and public health risks. By addressing these challenges, the study aims to contribute to sustainable hydraulic fracturing operations that ensure the long‐term viability of unconventional oil and gas development.