Author:
Carlson Laura M.,Chiang Catheryne,Hotchkiss Andrew K.,Lizarraga Lucina,Luben Tom,Makris Susan L.,Radke Elizabeth,Weitekamp Chelsea A.,Yost Erin E.
Abstract
AbstractThis chapter provides a practical overview of reproductive and developmental toxicology, with a focus on considerations for human health risk assessment. It provides a brief overview of normal reproduction and development, as well as examples of how toxic agents may impact these processes. Default assumptions for risk assessment of reproductive and developmental toxicants are discussed, and the types of endpoints typically evaluated in animal toxicology studies and epidemiology studies are summarized. A brief overview is also provided of other data that can be useful for hazard identification of reproductive and developmental toxicants, including mechanistic and new approach methodologies, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and considerations for the risk assessment of mixtures. Testing procedures and guidelines for reproductive and developmental toxicants (including pharmaceuticals and industrial or environmental chemicals) are summarized.
Reference418 articles.
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Key Statistics from the National Survey of Family Growth—I Listing 2020. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nsfg/key_statistics/i.htm#infertility. Accessed November 23 2020.
2. International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential need and demand for infertility medical care
3. Trends in Risk of Pregnancy Loss Among US Women, 1990-2011
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Stillbirth Data and Statistics 2020. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/stillbirth/data.html. Accessed November 23 2020.
5. D. M.ElyandA.K.Driscoll Infant Mortality in the United States 2018 Data From the Period Linked Birth/Infant Death File National Vital Statistics Reports 2020.