Characterization of Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Computational Modeling of Interstitial Fluid Pressure and Velocity

Abstract

BackgroundMost solid tumors show increased interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), and this increased IFP is an obstacle to treatment. A noninvasive model for measuring IFP in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an unresolved issue.PurposeTo develop a noninvasive model to measure IFP and interstitial fluid velocity (IFV) in HCC and to characterize the microvascular invasion (MVI) status by using this model.Study TypeRetrospective.PopulationA total of 97 HCC patients (mean age 57.6 ± 10.9 years, 77.3% males), 53 of them with MVI and 44 of them without MVI.Field Strength/SequenceA 3‐T, three‐dimensional spoiled gradient‐recalled echo.AssessmentMVI was defined as microscopic vascular invasion of small vessels within the peritumoral liver tissue. The volumes of interest (VOIs) were manually delineated and enclosed the tumor lesion and healthy liver parenchyma, respectively. The extended Tofts model (ETM) was used to estimate permeability parameters from all the VOIs. Subsequently, the continuity partial differential equation (PDE) was implemented and IFP and IFV were acquired.Statistical TestsWilcoxon signed‐ranks tests, histogram analysis, Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher's exact test, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with the area under the curve (AUC), Youden index, DeLong test, and Benjamini–Hochberg correction. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe HCC lesions exhibited elevated IFP and reduced IFV. There were no significant differences in any measured demographic and clinical features between the MVI‐positive and MVI‐negative groups, except for tumor size. Nine IFP histogram analysis‐derived parameters and seven IFV histogram analysis‐derived parameters could be used to characterize the MVI status. LASSO regression selected five features: IFP maximum, IFP 10th percentile, IFP 90th percentile, IFV SD, and IFV 10th percentile. The combination of these features showed the highest AUC (0.781) and specificity (77.3%).Data ConclusionA noninvasive IFP and IFV measurement model for HCC was developed. Specific IFP‐ and IFV‐derived parameters exhibited significant association with the MVI status.Evidence Level3.Technical EfficacyStage 2.