Affiliation:
1. Faculty of Science and Engineering Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
2. InFLAMES Research Flagship Center Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
3. Turku Bioscience Center Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku Finland
4. Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven the Netherlands
5. Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven the Netherlands
Abstract
AbstractCurrent biomedical models fail to replicate the complexity of human biology. Consequently, almost 90% of drug candidates fail during clinical trials after decades of research and billions of investments in drug development. Despite their physiological similarities, animal models often misrepresent human responses, and instead, trigger ethical and societal debates regarding their use. The overall aim across regulatory entities worldwide is to replace, reduce, and refine the use of animal experimentation, a concept known as the Three Rs principle. In response, researchers develop experimental alternatives to improve the biological relevance of in vitro models through interdisciplinary approaches. This article highlights the emerging organ‐on‐a‐chip technologies, also known as microphysiological systems, with a focus on models of the vasculature. The cardiovascular system transports all necessary substances, including drugs, throughout the body while in charge of thermal regulation and communication between other organ systems. In addition, we discuss the benefits, limitations, and challenges in the widespread use of new biomedical models. Coupled with patient‐derived induced pluripotent stem cells, organ‐on‐a‐chip technologies are the future of drug discovery, development, and personalized medicine.
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