Affiliation:
1. Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
2. Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
3. Philips Research Philips Research Eindhoven The Netherlands
4. MR R&D ‐ Clinical Science Philips Healthcare Best The Netherlands
5. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht The Netherlands
6. School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
Abstract
AbstractThis literature review presents a comprehensive overview of machine learning (ML) applications in proton MR spectroscopy (MRS). As the use of ML techniques in MRS continues to grow, this review aims to provide the MRS community with a structured overview of the state‐of‐the‐art methods. Specifically, we examine and summarize studies published between 2017 and 2023 from major journals in the MR field. We categorize these studies based on a typical MRS workflow, including data acquisition, processing, analysis, and artificial data generation. Our review reveals that ML in MRS is still in its early stages, with a primary focus on processing and analysis techniques, and less attention given to data acquisition. We also found that many studies use similar model architectures, with little comparison to alternative architectures. Additionally, the generation of artificial data is a crucial topic, with no consistent method for its generation. Furthermore, many studies demonstrate that artificial data suffers from generalization issues when tested on in vivo data. We also conclude that risks related to ML models should be addressed, particularly for clinical applications. Therefore, output uncertainty measures and model biases are critical to investigate. Nonetheless, the rapid development of ML in MRS and the promising results from the reviewed studies justify further research in this field.
Subject
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging
Cited by
8 articles.
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