Time‐weighted blood pressure with cardiovascular risk among patients with or without diabetes

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundUsual measures of blood pressure (BP) do not account for both the magnitude and duration of exposure to elevated BP over time. We aimed to demonstrate the effect of a novel time‐weighted BP on cardiovascular outcomes using a post hoc analysis of two published randomized trials.HypothesisTime‐weighted blood pressure is associated with cardiovascular risk among patients with or without diabetes.MethodsThe limited‐access ACCORD and SPRINT data sets were used for the current study. Time‐weighted BP is obtained by dividing cumulative BP by the total follow‐up time. Time‐weighted BP burden above a threshold is also determined after deriving the time‐weighted BP by re‐zeroing the interpolated pressure values at two different hypertension thresholds (>140/90 and >130/80 mmHg).ResultsEighteen thousand five hundred forty‐one patients from the two clinical trials were enrolled in this study. A J‐curve relation was observed between time‐weighted BP and major cardiovascular events (MACE). The systolic blood pressure (SBP) burden independently predicted MACE across the two trials at different thresholds (ACCORD: SBP > 130 mmHg, HR = 1.05 [1.03−1.06]; SBP > 140 mmHg, HR = 1.06 [1.04−1.08]; SPRINT: SBP > 130 mmHg, HR = 1.04 [1.03−1.05]; SBP > 140 mmHg, HR = 1.05 [1.04−1.07]). Consistent results were found for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) burden (ACCORD: DBP > 80 mmHg, HR = 1.10 [1.06−1.15]; DBP > 90 mmHg, HR = 1.20 [1.11−1.30]. SPRINT: DBP > 80 mmHg, HR = 1.06 [1.02−1.09]; DBP > 90 mmHg, HR = 1.12 [1.06−1.18]). Significant associations were also observed for stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death, and all‐cause mortality.ConclusionBoth time‐weighted SBP and DBP independently influenced the risk of adverse cardiovascular events among patients with and without diabetes, regardless of the definition of hypertension (130/80 or <140/90 mmHg).