Affiliation:
1. Institute of Chemistry Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan 64200 Pakistan
2. Department of Chemistry The Islamia University of Bhawalpur Bhawalpur 63100 Pakistan
3. H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Pakistan
4. Department of Chemistry Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
5. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
6. Department of Physical Sport Science, College of Sport Sciences & Physical Activity Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University P.O. Box 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia
7. Department of Chemistry, College of Science Taif University P.O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Numerous synthetic routes have been established for the synthesis of organotin (IV) derivatives of carboxylates, thiocarbamates, thiols, alcohols, amines, Schiff bases, etc. However, no synthetic path has been still developed for the synthesis of organotin (IV) aldehydes. We have synthesized four O,S‐coordinated organotin (IV) aldehydes (1–4) of the general formulas LSn(S)(Cl)R2 (where R2 = Me2, n‐Bu2, Ph2 for 1–3, respectively) and LSn(S)Ph3 (4) by reaction of 4‐(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde (L) with KOH, CS2, and R2SnCl2/Ph3SnCl in methanol. The synthesized products were characterized by microanalysis (CHN), FT‐IR analysis, UV–visible spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy (1H and 13C), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), computational studies, and single‐crystal XRD. Elemental analysis data were agreed well with the molecular composition of the products. FT‐IR spectroscopy has shown a significant lowering of C=O vibrational frequency after ligand–metal coordination. The electronic spectroscopy of complexes 1–4 demonstrated the π–π* (342–343 nm) and n–π* (279–296 nm) transitions, with the band gap values of 3.15–3.38 eV. 1H NMR spectra displayed distinct signals for the ligand skeleton and organotin (IV) moieties. 13C NMR spectroscopy exhibited an upfield shift of carbonyl oxygen after ligand–metal coordination. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed the thermal stabilities of complexes up to a temperature of 190 to 320°C. Single‐crystal XRD analysis of product 4 has shown a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry around Sn (IV), in which the three phenyl groups were positioned equatorially while the carbonyl oxygen (from the aldehyde) and the sulfur atom occupied the apical positions. Employing the 6‐31G(d,p) basis set and the CAM‐B3LYP functional, time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) computations were performed for the calculation of absorbance maxima, oscillator strength (f), and matching molecular designations. MEP maps and HOMO–LUMO energy gaps were predicated on the CAM‐B3LYP/6‐31+g(d,p) level of theory and were used to resolve GRD, including chemical potential (μ), global hardness (η), global softness (S), electronegativity (χ), electrophilicity (ω), ionization potential (IP), and electron affinity (EA). The phenyltin (IV) derivatives (3 and 4) have shown a fantastic biofilm inhibition of Escherichia coli, which was even higher as compared with that of the reference drug ciprofloxacin. The bioactivity of 2 against Bacillus subtilis was equivalent to that of the ciprofloxacin. The products 2 and 3 have shown very little (less than 10%) toxic hemolytic effects demonstrating their possible safe use for the human beings.
Funder
Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University