Affiliation:
1. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong Province China
2. Department of Internal Medicine Shantou University Medical College Shantou Guangdong Province China
3. Department of Internal Medicine Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou Province China
4. Cancer Research Institute School of Basic Medical Science Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
5. Cancer Center Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
Abstract
AbstractCurrently, checkpoint inhibitor‐based immunotherapy has emerged as prevailing treatment modality for diverse cancers. However, immunotherapy as a first‐line therapy has not consistently yielded durable responses. Moreover, the risk of immune‐related adverse events increases with combination regimens. Thus, the development of predictive biomarkers is needed to optimize individuals benefit, minimize risk of toxicities, and guide combination approaches. The greatest focus has been on tumor programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), microsatellite instability (MSI), and tumor mutational burden (TMB). However, there remains a subject of debate due to thresholds variability and significant heterogeneity. Major unmet challenges in immunotherapy are the discovery and validation of predictive biomarkers. Here, we show the status of tumor PD‐L1, MSI, TMB, and emerging data on novel biomarker strategies with oncogenic signaling and epigenetic regulation. Considering the exploration of peripheral and intestinal immunity has served as noninvasive alternative in predicting immunotherapy, this review also summarizes current data in systemic immunity, encompassing solute PD‐L1 and TMB, circulating tumor DNA and infiltrating lymphocytes, routine emerging inflammatory markers and cytokines, as well as gut microbiota. This review provides up‐to‐date information on the evolving field of currently available biomarkers in predicting immunotherapy. Future exploration of novel biomarkers is warranted.
Funder
Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province
Subject
Cell Biology,Biochemistry (medical),Genetics (clinical),Computer Science Applications,Drug Discovery,Genetics,Oncology,Immunology and Allergy