Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Biological Attributes of Newly Developed NARC‐G1 Garlic Using Response Surface Methodology and Its GC‐MS Characterization

Abstract

AbstractThe present paper is a comprehensive study on the optimization of ultrasonic assisted extraction and characterization of valued components from the newly developed garlic cultivar NARC‐G1. The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction time, solvent‐to‐solid ratio and extraction temperature, for optimal total phenolic contents (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, α‐amylase inhibition, and α‐glucosidase inhibition. Under the optimized conditions (23 min extraction time, 60 °C temperature, and 39 : 1 solvent‐to‐solute ratio) the optimal TPC (13.76 mg GAE/g), DPPH radical scavenging activity (62.76 %), α‐amylase inhibition (71.43 %), and α‐glucosidase inhibition (79.43 %) were obtained. Significant correlations were observed between actual values and predicted values for the selected responses. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), revealed 26 high‐value bioactives, with diallyl disulphide being the most abundant (16.22 %), followed by 2,3‐dihydro‐3,5‐dihydroxy‐6‐methyl, 4H‐pyran‐4‐one and 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural. Additionally, in silico investigation indicated that stigmasterol, arbutin, squalene, α‐tocopherol and linoleic acid were responsible for antihyperglycemic potential. Moreover, antimicrobial activity revealed that S. mutans (19.25±1.98 mm) and L. monocytogenes (19.34±2.04 mm) were the most sensitive, while P. aeruginosa was the least sensitive bacterial strains against the optimized NARC‐G1 garlic extract. This research effectively explains the optimal recovery of high‐valued components from NARC‐G1 and may contribute to nutra‐pharmaceutical and functional food developments.