Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Quercetin Derivatives as PPAR‐γ Partial Agonists by Modulating Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Lung Cancer Metastasis

Abstract

AbstractEpithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is responsible for driving metastasis of multiple cancer types including lung cancer. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ, a ligand‐activated transcription factor, controls expression of variety of genes involved in EMT. Although several synthetic compounds act as potent full agonists for PPAR‐γ, their long term application is restricted due to serious adverse effects. Therefore, partial agonists involving reduced and balanced PPAR‐γ activity are more effective and valued. A previous study discerned the efficacy of quercetin and its derivatives to attain favorable stabilization with PPAR‐γ. Here this work is extended by synthesizing five novel quercetin derivatives (QDs) namely thiosemicarbazone (QUETSC)) and hydrazones (quercetin isonicotinic acid hydrazone (QUEINH), quercetin nicotinic acid hydrazone (QUENH), quercetin 2‐furoic hydrazone (QUE2FH), and quercetin salicyl hydrazone (QUESH)) and their effects are analyzed in modulating EMT in lung cancer cell lines via PPAR‐γ partial activation. QDs‐treated A549 cells diminish cell proliferation strongly at nanomolar concentration compared to NCI‐H460 cells. Of the five screened derivatives, QUETSC, QUE2FH, and QUESH exhibit the property of partial activation as compared to the overexpressive level of rosiglitazone. Consistently, these QDs also suppress EMT process by markedly downregulating the levels of mesenchymal markers (Snail, Slug, and zinc finger E‐box binding homeobox 1) and concomitant upregulation of epithelial marker (E‐cadherin).