Systemic action of uromodulin: extra-renal effects and clinical significance

Abstract

Uromodulin (UMOD) is the most abundant protein in human urine, traditionally regarded as a marker of tubular kidney function. However, modern scientific research increasingly indicates its multifaceted systemic action that extends far beyond the nephron. This protein is involved in complex mechanisms regulating vascular tone, uric acid metabolism, immune response, and endothelial function. Its association with the development of cardiovascular pathology, ischemic stroke, hyperuricemia, and metabolic syndrome has been established. This review article analyzes a wide spectrum of experimental and clinical sources, including meta-analyses, systematic reviews, genetic and metabolomic studies, which confirm the significant role of UMOD in the pathogenesis of extra-renal diseases. Uromodulin (UMOD) is the most abundant protein in human urine, traditionally regarded as a marker of the functional state of renal tubules. However, modern scientific studies increasingly indicate its multifaceted systemic action that extends far beyond the nephron. This protein is involved in complex mechanisms of vascular tone regulation, uric acid metabolism, immune response, and endothelial function. Its association with the development of cardiovascular pathology, ischemic stroke, hyperuricemia, and metabolic syndrome has been established. This review analyzes a wide range of experimental and clinical sources, including meta-analyses, systematic reviews, genetic and metabolomic studies, which confirm the significant role of UMOD in the pathogenesis of extra-renal diseases. Conclusions: The summarized data support considering UMOD as a promising biomarker and a potential tool in personalized medicine.