Epidemiology ofRhodotorula: An Emerging Pathogen

Abstract

This is an updated paper focusing on the general epidemiological aspects ofRhodotorulain humans, animals, and the environment. Previously considered nonpathogenic,Rhodotorulaspecies have emerged as opportunistic pathogens that have the ability to colonise and infect susceptible patients.Rhodotorulaspecies are ubiquitous saprophytic yeasts that can be recovered from many environmental sources. Several authors describe the isolation of this fungus from different ecosystems, including sites with unfavourable conditions. Compared toR. mucilaginosa,R. glutinisandR. minutaare less frequently isolated from natural environments. Among the few references to the pathogenicity ofRhodotorulaspp. in animals, there are several reports of an outbreak of skin infections in chickens and sea animals and lung infections and otitis in sheep and cattle. Most of the cases of infection due toRhodotorulain humans were fungemia associated with central venous catheter (CVC) use. The most common underlying diseases included solid and haematologic malignancies in patients who were receiving corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs, the presence of CVC, and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Unlike fungemia, some of the other localised infections caused byRhodotorula, including meningeal, skin, ocular, peritoneal, and prosthetic joint infections, are not necessarily linked to the use of CVCs or immunosuppression.