Recent Trends on Production Sources, Biosynthesis Pathways and Antiviral Efficacies of Artemisinin: A Candidate Phytomedicine against SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

Background: Artemisinin is a lactone sesquiterpenoid with an endo-peroxide bridge in the 1, 2, 3-trioxane structure employed for the treatment and management of lethal viral diseases. In the current review, emphasis has been given on the production of artemisinin from natural sources with biosynthesis pathways and potential antiviral activity. Methods: A wide-ranging inquiry on artemisinin was made electronically on the basis of articles published in peer-reviewed journals, abstracts, published in conference proceedings, government reports, preprints, books, Master’s and Ph.D. theses, etc. The research was carried out in different International scientific databases like Academic Search, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS, BioOne Previews, CabDirect, Cochrane Library, Pubmed/Medline, GeoRef, Google Scholar, JSTOR, Journal Citation Reports, Mendeley, Publons, Researchgate, Scopus, SciELO, Springer Link, Science Direct, Web of Science, Taylor and Francis with particular keywords. Results: The evidence reviewed here indicates that out of the hundreds of species of the genus Artemisia mentioned in the literature, only 37 Artemisia species are reported to possess artemisinin naturally in their extracts with variable concentrations. This review further discusses the biosynthesis pathways and antiviral activities of artemisinin and its derivatives which have been used against more than 12 viral disease categories. Conclusion: On the whole, it is concluded that the primary natural sources of artemisinin and its derivatives are the Artemisia plants with antiviral activity, which are essential candidates for drug development against SARS-CoV-2 mainly from those Artemisia species screened for SARS-CoV- 2 infection.