Water Purification by Green Synthesized Nanomaterials

Abstract

Background: Water pollution is one of the leading causes for human fatality in the world particularly in underdeveloped or in developing countries. Moreover, with rapid industrialization and urbanization of rural lands, the problem of water pollution is posing a severe threat to communal health and livelihood these days. The pollutants found in water are of varied nature and depends on the source of the water. Several techniques have been so far adapted to purify contaminated water which includes both sophisticated, costly methods and simple and cost-effective methods. All these techniques have one or more disadvantages which limit their application in large scale, sustainable and long-term usage. The advances in the field of nanoscience and technology have opened a new horizon for replacement/ improvement of these conventional ways with more efficient methods. Presently green synthesized nanomaterials are being used for water purification. Methods: Plant extracts and microbes are being used to synthesize nanomaterials which are being used as catalysts, adsorbents and membranes for water purification. Results: Nanomaterial-based techniques could create problems on the environment due to various chemicals used in their production step and thus defeating the ultimate purpose. In this regard, green nanomaterials can prove to be extremely useful both in terms of sustainability and efficiency. Conclusions: This review illustrates various ways how green nanomaterials can be utilized for water remediation and summarize the recent work done in this emerging research front.