An Outline of Contributing Vaccine Technologies for SARS CoV2 Advancing in Clinical and Preclinical Phase-Trials

Abstract

Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-- CoV-2) is an RNA virus involving 4 structural and 16 non-structural proteins and exhibiting high transmission potential and fatality. The emergence of this newly encountered beta coronavirus-SARS-CoV-2 has caused over 2 million deaths, and more than 10 billion people got infected across the globe as yet. Consequently, the global scientific community has contributed to synthesizing and designing effective immunization technologies to combat this virus. Objectives: This literature review intended to gather an update on published reports of the vaccines advancing in the clinical trial phases or pre-clinical trials to summarize the foundations and implications of contributing vaccine candidates inferring their impact on the pandemic repression. In addition, this literature review distinctly provides an outline of the overall vaccine effectiveness at current doses. Methods: The reported data in this review were extracted from research articles, review articles, and patents published from January 2020 to July 2021, available on Google Scholar, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Research Gate, and ScienceDirect by using a combination of keywords. Moreover, some information was retrieved from the web pages of vaccine manufacturing companies due to progressing research and the unavailability of published research papers. Conclusion: Contributing vaccine technologies include RNA (Ribonucleic acid) vaccines, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) vaccines, viral vector vaccines, protein-based vaccines, inactivated vaccines, viruses-like particles, protein superglue, and live-attenuated vaccines. Some vaccines are prepared by establishing bacterial and yeast cell lines and self-assembling adenovirus-derived multimeric protein-based self-assembling nanoparticles (ADDOmer). On May 19th, WHO has issued an emergency use sanction of Moderna, Pfizer, Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, and Covishield vaccine candidates on account of clinical credibility from experimental data.