Anti-nucleolin Aptamer as a Boom in Rehabilitation of Breast Cancer

Abstract

Abstract: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. It’s important to target the complex pathways using a suitable targeted delivery system. Targeted delivery systems can effectively act on cancer cells and lead to the annihilation of tumor proliferation. They mainly employ targeting agents like aptamers linked to the formulation. Based on the expression of the receptors on the surface of the cancer cells, suitable aptamers can be developed. AS1411 is one such aptamer that has the ability to bind to the over-expressed nucleolin present in breast cancer cells. Nucleolin is a phosphoprotein that is involved in various aspects like cell growth, differentiation and survival. Mostly they are found in the nucleolus, nucleus, cytoplasm and cell surface. The shuttling effect of the nucleolin between nucleus and cytoplasm serves as a bonus for the AS1411 aptamer. Because of the shutting effect the internalization of the drug compound or chemotherapeutic drug inside the cell can be achieved. In this article, we have discussed about nucleolin, anti-nucleolin aptamer, namely, AS1411, and its application in exhibiting various anticancer activities including apoptosis, anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastasis, stimulation of tumor suppressor (i.e P53) and inhibition of tumor inducer. Further, the ways of internalization namely macropinocytosis is also discussed. Additionally, we have also discussed about the superiority of the aptamer compared to the antibodies. As well as the limitations of the aptamers are also discussed. By considering all above parameters, we hope this aptamer will be effective in the management and eradication of breast cancer cells.