Affiliation:
1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP),
India
2. Use-inspired Biomaterials and Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
3. Molecular Imaging Program,
Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Abstract
Abstract:
This review article discusses the challenges of delivering cargoes to the cytoplasm,
for example, proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, and the mechanisms involved
in endosomal escape. Endocytosis, endosomal maturation, and exocytosis pose significant
barriers to effective cytoplasmic delivery. The article explores various endosomal
escape mechanisms, such as the proton sponge effect, osmotic lysis, membrane fusion,
pore formation, membrane destabilization/ disruption, and vesicle budding and collapse.
Additionally, it discusses the role of lysosomes, glycocalyx, and molecular
crowding in the cytoplasmic delivery process. Despite the recent advances in nonviral
delivery systems, there is still a need to improve cytoplasmic delivery. Strategies such
as fusogenic peptides, endosomolytic polymers, and cell-penetrating peptides have
shown promise in improving endosomal escape and cytoplasmic delivery. More research
is needed to refine these strategies and make them safer and more effective. In
conclusion, the article highlights the challenges associated with cytoplasmic delivery
and the importance of understanding the mechanisms involved in endosomal escape. A
better understanding of these processes could result in the creation of greater effectiveness
and safe delivery systems for various cargoes, including proteins, peptides, and
nucleic acids.
Publisher
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Cited by
1 articles.
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