Maternal, Child, and Household Risk Factors for Children with Stunting

Abstract

Background Stunting is a major public health issue in Indonesia. It affects children's physical and cognitive development, educational outcomes, and quality of life, increasing the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. Addressing the determinants of stunting is vital for achieving the sustainable development goal of zero hunger. Objective The study aims to identify maternal, child, and household risk factors for stunting in West Bandung Regency, Indonesia. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 122 children from 10 villages in the Padalarang area. Stunting status was measured by a doctor and verified by a pediatrician based on WHO growth standards. The demography, household, maternal, and child risk factors were collected using the standard Indonesia Basic Household Health Research (Riskesdas) questionnaire. Statistical analysis was used for the Chi-square and Fisher Exact test, while logistic regression was used to determine a model on the most important risk factors. Data analysis was done using the SPSS v.25 program. Results Out of 119 evaluable datasets, 87 children were classified as stunted, with 44 stunted and 43 severely stunted. The majority of stunting was observed in boys aged 24‒59 months, mostly with low parental education levels and underweight status. Significant risk factors for stunting included a history of low birth weight, lack of maternal immunization against Tetanus Toxoid, and insufficient intake of animal-based proteins. The multivariate analysis identified age, protein deficiency, and diarrhea as critical predictors. Conclusion Stunting is predominantly influenced by demographic factors, low parental educational level, nutritional insufficiency, and diarrhea. Targeted nutritional interventions and healthcare strategies focusing on protein intake and managing diarrhea among young children can effectively mitigate stunting rates in this region.