Regulatory Aspects, Types and Bioapplications of Metallic Nanoparticles: A Review

Abstract

Background: Nanotechnology is rapidly advancing in almost every area such as the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, nano fabrics, electronics, wastewater treatment, and agriculture. Introduction: Metallic nanoparticles are commonly used in a variety of fields, but they are especially important in the pharmaceutical industry. Metallic nanoparticles have a size range of 10 nm to 100 nm. Method: Two techniques are used to synthesize metallic nanoparticles, top-down approach and the bottom - up approach. These techniques can be used to synthesise them using three different methods: physical, chemical, and biological. Chemical methods include coprecipitation method, reduction, sonochemical method, solvothermal method, and others, while physical methods include discharge method, milling, and ion implantation method. Biological methods include plants and their extracts, agricultural wastes, microorganisms, seaweeds. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scanning, and other techniques are used to characterize them. Result: All metallic nanoparticles are biocompatible and have special optical, electrical, magnetic, and chemical properties. They are used in a variety of industries, including the pharmaceutical industry as an anticancer agent, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, biosensors. Gold, silver, iron oxide, zinc oxide, platinum, copper oxide, and palladium nanoparticles are the most common metal nanoparticles used in the pharmaceutical industry. Monometallic and multimetallic nanoparticles are broadly classified under this. Conclusion: This article focuses on the major metallic nanoparticle groups, including synthesis, applications, case studies, toxicity, regulatory aspects and innovative approaches of metallic nanomaterials.