Cephalosporins in pediatrics: Navigating antimicrobial resistance impact and adverse effects – A comprehensive review

Abstract

Antibiotic overuse and abuse are the primary causes of microbial resistance and the rise in healthcare costs, and human factors such as abuse, and misuse have accelerated the spread of AMR. Cephalosporin drugs are the most commonly administered drugs to pediatric populations due to their high efficacy and low side effect profile. This study aims to assess which class of antibiotic is mostly used the prevalence of third-generation cephalosporin use in pediatric patients and its impact on the development of resistance. A PubMed database and reference lists of pertinent research on antibiotic usage, antimicrobial resistance, and prescription use of cephalosporin medicines were used to search the English-language literature. The publications linked here were retrospective, prospective studies using empiric antibiotic therapy for paediatric patients. A review of relevant literature confirms that Cephalosporins are more prioritized than Penicillins due to their low toxicity and high safety effect, and their higher stability to beta-lactamases. Third-generation cephalosporins are more commonly used in the pediatric population, leading to resistance development and adverse effects such as pseudolithiasis and reversible cholelithiasis. Ceftriaxone has the potential to precipitate ceftriaxone-calcium salts complex in the lungs and kidneys and can cause allergic reactions (Skin Manifestations), gastrointestinal problems, haematological abnormalities, and gallbladder resolution deficit. Ceftriaxone-induced urticaria, rash, exanthema, and pruritus are the most common adverse effects. According to studies, the usage of third-generation cephalosporins in pediatric patients is increasing dramatically, which may play a role in the development of resistance and increased risk of production of unwanted reactions such as dermal allergies and other side effects. To reduce the dangers associated with cephalosporin usage, it is critical to follow proper prescription guidelines and prevent inappropriate or extended use of antibiotics. This can be reduced by utilizing narrower-spectrum antibiotics where necessary.