Advances in the detection of explosives and chemical weapons: A comprehensive review

Abstract

The persistent threat of explosives and chemical weapons necessitates continual advancements in detection technologies to ensure public safety and national security. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of explosive and chemical weapon detection. Emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature of this research, the paper covers a range of sensing technologies, including ion mobility spectrometry, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and biosensors.The review explores the integration of nanotechnology to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of detection methods, alongside the application of advanced imaging technologies such as X-ray and Terahertz imaging for non-contact identification of concealed threats. Additionally, it delves into the utilization of biological sensing elements in biosensor platforms, employing enzymes and antibodies to detect specific chemical compounds. Standoff detection capabilities, crucial for ensuring the safety of personnel, are examined, and the paper discusses the ongoing developments in chemical forensics, aiming to determine the origin and composition of explosive or chemical materials. The challenges faced in this field, including the need for high sensitivity, adaptability to different environments, and the detection of emerging threats, are thoroughly addressed. The review concludes by outlining future directions, highlighting the importance of miniaturization, artificial intelligence, and global collaboration in shaping the next generation of detection technologies. This thorough analysis provides insights into current trends, obstacles, and potential solutions in the crucial field of explosives and chemical weapons detection, making it an invaluable tool for scholars, decision-makers, and security experts.