Remnant salmon life history diversity rediscovered in a highly compressed habitat

Author:

Hugentobler Sara A.1ORCID,Sturrock Anna M.23ORCID,Willmes Malte45ORCID,Thompson Tasha Q.16ORCID,Johnson Rachel C.27ORCID,Cordoleani Flora47ORCID,Stauffer‐Olsen Natalie J.8ORCID,Whitman George2ORCID,Meek Mariah H.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA

2. Center for Watershed Sciences, UC Davis Davis California USA

3. School of Life Sciences University of Essex Colchester UK

4. Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California USA

5. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Trondheim Norway

6. Wild Salmon Center Portland Oregon USA

7. Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service Santa Cruz California USA

8. Trout Unlimited Emeryville California USA

Abstract

AbstractChinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) display remarkable life history diversity, underpinning their ability to adapt to environmental change. Maintaining life history diversity is vital to the resilience and stability of Chinook salmon metapopulations, particularly under changing climates. However, the conditions that promote life history diversity are rapidly disappearing, as anthropogenic forces promote homogenization of habitats and genetic lineages. In this study, we use the highly modified Yuba River in California to understand if distinct genetic lineages and life histories still exist, despite reductions in spawning habitat and hatchery practices that have promoted introgression. There is currently a concerted effort to protect federally listed Central Valley spring‐run Chinook salmon populations, given that few wild populations still exist. Despite this, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the genetic and life history diversity of Chinook salmon present in the Yuba River. To understand this diversity, we collected migration timing data and GREB1L genotypes from hook‐and‐line, acoustic tagging, and carcass surveys of Chinook salmon in the Yuba River between 2009 and 2011. Variation in the GREB1L region of the genome is tightly linked with run timing in Chinook salmon throughout their range, but the relationship between this variation and entry on spawning grounds is little explored in California's Central Valley. We found that the date Chinook salmon crossed the lowest barrier to Yuba River spawning habitat (Daguerre Point Dam) was tightly correlated with their GREB1L genotype. Importantly, our study confirms that ESA‐listed spring‐run Chinook salmon are spawning in the Yuba River, promoting a portfolio of life history and genetic diversity, despite the highly compressed habitat. This work highlights the need to identify and protect this life history diversity, especially in heavily impacted systems, to maintain healthy Chinook salmon metapopulations. Without protection, we run the risk of losing the last vestiges of important genetic variation.

Funder

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Publisher

Wiley

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