Whole genome sequencing reveals stepping‐stone dispersal buffered against founder effects in a range expanding seabird

Author:

Herman Rachael W.1ORCID,Clucas Gemma2,Younger Jane3ORCID,Bates John4,Robinson Bryce2,Reddy Sushma5,Stepanuk Julia1,O'Brien Katie6,Veeramah Krishna1,Lynch Heather J.17

Affiliation:

1. Department of Ecology and Evolution Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA

2. Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA

3. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia

4. Negaunee Integrative Research Center The Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Illinois USA

5. Bell Museum of Natural History and Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA

6. Milner Centre for Evolution University of Bath Bath UK

7. Institute for Advanced Computational Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA

Abstract

AbstractMany species are shifting their ranges in response to climate‐driven environmental changes, particularly in high‐latitude regions. However, the patterns of dispersal and colonization during range shifting events are not always clear. Understanding how populations are connected through space and time can reveal how species navigate a changing environment. Here, we present a fine‐scale population genomics study of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua), a presumed site‐faithful colonial nesting species that has increased in population size and expanded its range south along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Using whole genome sequencing, we analysed 129 gentoo penguin individuals across 12 colonies located at or near the southern range edge. Through a detailed examination of fine‐scale population structure, admixture, and population divergence, we inferred that gentoo penguins historically dispersed rapidly in a stepping‐stone pattern from the South Shetland Islands leading to the colonization of Anvers Island, and then the adjacent mainland Western Antarctica Peninsula. Recent southward expansion along the Western Antarctic Peninsula also followed a stepping‐stone dispersal pattern coupled with limited post‐divergence gene flow from colonies on Anvers Island. Genetic diversity appeared to be maintained across colonies during the historical dispersal process, and range‐edge populations are still growing. This suggests large numbers of migrants may provide a buffer against founder effects at the beginning of colonization events to maintain genetic diversity similar to that of the source populations before migration ceases post‐divergence. These results coupled with a continued increase in effective population size since approximately 500–800 years ago distinguish gentoo penguins as a robust species that is highly adaptable and resilient to changing climate.

Funder

Stony Brook University

National Geographic Society

Publisher

Wiley

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