Insights into malignant mitral valve degenerative disease from a sudden cardiac death cohort highlighting significant measurement differences from normal

Abstract

AimsMitral valve prolapse (MVP) is an accepted cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in most autopsy series. Diagnosis at autopsy relies upon subjective assessment with no established objective pathological criteria. This study set out to establish objective measurements to help pathologists dealing with SCD.MethodsWe diagnosed 120 (1.5%) cases of MVP in 8108 cases of SCD. We measured the mitral annulus, anterior and posterior leaflets, rough zone and mitral annular disjunction (MAD) in 27 MVP cases and compared them to 54 age‐ and sex‐matched normal mitral valves.ResultsAge of death was 39 ± 16 years, with 59 females and 61 males. History of mild MV disease was present in 19 (16%). Eleven (9%) died associated with exertion. Left ventricular hypertrophy was present in nine (15%) females and 10 (16%) males. Both MV leaflets showed thickening and ballooning in all individuals. MVP showed highly significantly increased annular circumference, elongation and thickening of both leaflets as well as increased MAD (all P < 0.001). Left ventricular fibrosis was present in 108 (90%), with interstitial fibrosis in the posterolateral wall and papillary muscle in 88 (81%) and coexisting replacement fibrosis in 40 (37%).ConclusionThis is the largest MVP associated with SCD series highlighting a young cohort with equal representation of males and females. There is involvement of both leaflets with significant annular dilatation, elongation and thickening of both leaflets with MAD. Left ventricular fibrosis explains arrhythmia. Our quantitative measurements should serve as a reference for pathologists assessing post‐mortem hearts for MVP.