Nanoindentation creep: The impact of water and artificial saliva storage on milled and 3D‐printed resin composites

Abstract

AbstractPurposeThis study evaluated the effects of artificial saliva and distilled water on the nanoindentation creep of different 3D‐printed and milled CAD‐CAM resin composites.Material and MethodsDisk‐shaped specimens were subtractively fabricated from polymer‐infiltrated ceramic network (EN) and reinforced resin composite (B) and additively from resin composite (C) and hybrid resin composite (VS) using digital light processing (DLP). Specimens from each material were divided into two groups according to their storage conditions (artificial saliva or distilled water for 3 months). Creep was analyzed by nanoindentation testing. Statistical analysis was done using two‐way ANOVA, one‐way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc tests, and independent t‐test (α = 0.05).ResultsThe main effects of material and storage conditions, and their interaction were statistically significant on nanoindentation (p < 0.001). Storage condition had the greatest influence (partial eta squared ηP2 = 0.370), followed by the material (ηP2 = 0.359), and the interaction (ηP2 = 0.329). The nanoindentation creep depths after artificial saliva storage ranged from 0.34 to 0.51 µm and from 0.50 to 0.87 µm after distilled water storage. One of the additively manufactured groups had higher nanoindentation creep depths in both storage conditions.ConclusionsAll specimens showed comparable performance after artificial saliva storage, but increased nanoindentation creep after distilled water storage for 3 months. The subtractive CAD‐CAM blocks showed superior dimensional stability in terms of nanoindentation creep depths in both storage conditions. Additively manufactured composite resins had lower dimensional stability than one of the subtractively manufactured composites, which was demonstrated as having higher creep deformation and maximum recovery. However, after artificial saliva storage, one of the additively manufactured resins had dimensional stability similar to that of subtractively manufactured.