Eco‐evolutionary evidence for the global diversity pattern of Cycas (Cycadaceae)

Author:

Liu Jian123ORCID,Lindstrom Anders J.4ORCID,Gong Yiqing5ORCID,Dong Shanshan5ORCID,Liu Yusheng (Chris)6ORCID,Zhang Shouzhou5ORCID,Gong Xun123ORCID

Affiliation:

1. CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China

2. Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China

3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

4. Global Biodiversity Conservancy 144/124 Moo3, Soi Bua Thong, Bangsalae, Sattahip Chonburi 20250 Thailand

5. Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518004 China

6. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Indiana University‐Indianapolis Indianapolis 46202 IN USA

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe evolution of the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), characterized by a peak in diversity toward the tropics, has captured significant attention in evolutionary biology and ecology. However, the inverse LDG (i‐LDG) mechanism, wherein species richness increases toward the poles, remains inadequately explored. Cycads are among one of the oldest lineages of extant seed plants and have undergone extensive diversification in the tropics. Intriguingly, the extant cycad abundance exhibits an i‐LDG pattern, and the underlying causes for this phenomenon remain largely elusive. Here, using 1,843 nuclear genes from a nearly complete sampling, we conducted comprehensive phylogenomic analyses to establish a robust species‐level phylogeny for Cycas, the largest genus within cycads. We then reconstructed the spatial‐temporal dynamics and integrated global environmental data to evaluate the roles of species ages, diversification rates, contemporary environment, and conservatism to ancestral niches in shaping the i‐LDG pattern. We found Cycas experienced decreased diversification rates, coupled with the cooling temperature since its origin in the Eocene from continental Asia. Different regions have distinctively contributed to the formation of i‐LDG for Cycas, with the northern hemisphere acting as evolutionary museums and the southern hemisphere serving as cradles. Moreover, water‐related climate variables, specifically precipitation seasonality and potential evapotranspiration, were identified as paramount factors constraining Cycas species richness in the rainforest biome near the equator. Notably, the adherence to ancestral monsoonal climates emerges as a critical factor in sustaining the diversity pattern. This study underscores the imperative of integrating both evolutionary and ecological approaches to comprehensively unravel the mechanisms underpinning global biodiversity patterns.

Funder

Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Publisher

Wiley

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