Affiliation:
1. Chemical Biology Program Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York NY USA
2. Weill Cornell, Rockefeller, Sloan Kettering Tri‐Institutional MD‐PhD Program New York NY USA
3. Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York NY USA
4. Tri‐Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York NY USA
Abstract
AbstractInflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that activate inflammatory cytokines and induce pyroptosis in response to intracellular danger‐associated signals. NLRP1 and CARD8 are related germline‐encoded pattern recognition receptors that form inflammasomes, but their activation mechanisms and biological purposes have not yet been fully established. Both NLRP1 and CARD8 undergo post‐translational autoproteolysis to generate two non‐covalently associated polypeptide chains. NLRP1 and CARD8 activators induce the proteasome‐mediated destruction of the N‐terminal fragment, liberating the C‐terminal fragment to form an inflammasome. Here, we review the danger‐associated stimuli that have been reported to activate NLRP1 and/or CARD8, including anthrax lethal toxin, Toxoplasma gondii, Shigella flexneri and the small molecule DPP8/9 inhibitor Val‐boroPro, focusing on recent mechanistic insights and highlighting unresolved questions. In addition, we discuss the recently identified disease‐associated mutations in NLRP1 and CARD8, the potential role that DPP9’s protein structure plays in inflammasome regulation, and the emerging link between NLRP1 and metabolism. Finally, we summarize all of this latest research and consider the possible biological purposes of these enigmatic inflammasomes.
Funder
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
American Cancer Society
Gabrielle’s Angel Foundation for Cancer Research
Stand Up To Cancer
Pew Charitable Trusts
Cited by
147 articles.
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