Antimicrobial Resistance and Major Virulence Gene Detection in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Humans and Livestock Animals of Assam: A North Eastern State of India

Abstract

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is highly divergent antibiotic resistant bacteria earmarked as “High” in global pathogens’ priority list varying the severity and resistance geographically. Here, MRSA were screened using mecA gene with Cefoxitin and other 27 antibiotics of 19 classes using disc diffusion method from a highly humid climate of India. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index was calculated. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined against 11 classes of antibiotics. Detection of major virulence genes tst-1 and lukPV were done. A total of 95.24% Hospital Associated (HA)-MRSA, 56.14% Community Associated (CA)-MRSA and 82.53 % Livestock Associated (LA)-MRSA were detected. Cefoxitin, Oxacillin, Ciprofloxacin, Fusidic acid and Ticarcillin-Clavulinic acid resistance was observed in more than 60% of HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA and LA-MRSA. Across the hosts, Mupirocin, Gentamicin, Linezolid, Co-trimoxazole, and Rifampicin were found effective. Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) detected in CA-MRSA & LA-MRSA. Multidrug Resistant (MDR) was found very high but extensively drug-resistant (XDR) was detected moderately. No pan drug-resistant (PDR) was detected. Virulence gene tst-1 and lukPV were detected in 7.69% and 32.69% MRSA isolates. The gene tst-1 is reported for the first time in pre and post-caesarian samples from Gynaecology department in this region with high MDR. This study showed S. aureus and subsequent prevalence of MRSA is higher in this region then national data. 2nd generation Cephalosporins were found effective which is very encouraging due to their limited uses. Detection of tst-1 in caesarian samples is a serious threat as neonatal transmission of MRSA from mother is reported.