Deciphering MMP9’s dual role in regulating SOD3 through protein–protein interactions

Abstract

Although the collagenase enzyme activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) is well-documented, its non-enzymatic functions remain less understood. The interaction between intracellular superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) and MMP9 is known, with SOD1 suppressing MMP9. However, the mechanism by which MMP9, a secretory protein, influences the extracellular antioxidant superoxide dismutase-3 (SOD3) is not yet clear. To explore MMP9's regulatory impact on SOD3, we employed human embryonic kidney-293 cells, transfecting them with MMP9 overexpresssion and catalytic-site mutant plasmids. Additionally, MMP9 overexpressing cells were treated with an MMP9 activator and inhibitor. Analyses of both cell lysates and culture medium provided insights into MMP9's intracellular and extracellular regulatory roles. In-silico analysis and experimental approaches like proximal ligation assay and co-immunoprecipitation were utilized to delineate the protein-protein interactions between MMP9 and SOD3. Our findings indicate that activated MMP9 enhances SOD3 levels, a regulation not hindered by MMP9 inhibitors. Intriguingly, catalytically inactive MMP9 appeared to reduce SOD3 levels, likely due to MMP9's binding with SOD3, leading to their proteolytic degradation. This MMP9 influence on SOD3 was consistent in both intracellular and extracellular environments, suggesting a parallel in MMP9-SOD3 interactions across these domains. Ultimately, this study unveils a novel interaction between MMP9 and SOD3, highlighting the unique regulatory role of catalytically inactive MMP9 in diminishing SOD3 levels, contrasting its usual upregulation by active MMP9.