1. Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China
2. Department of Orthopedics, Shandong University Center for Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China
3. Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin, China
4. Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Back Pain Research Team, Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, The Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
5. Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
6. Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
7. Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
8. Sydney Spine Institute, Burwood, Sydney, NSW, Australia
9. Laboratory of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital & Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
10. Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
11. Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
12. Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
13. Department of Spine Surgery, Zhengzhou Orthopedics Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
14. Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
15. Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
16. Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
17. Department of Spinal Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
18. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
19. Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
20. Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
21. Department of Spinal Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
22. Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
23. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
24. Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
25. Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
26. Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
27. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
28. Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
29. Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
30. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
31. Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Geriatric Diseases Research Center, Beijing, China