Role of N-formyl peptide receptor 2 in germinal matrix hemorrhage: an intrinsic review of a hematoma resolving pathway

Abstract

Abstract Germinal matrix hemorrhage is one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and acquired infantile hydrocephalus in preterm infants in the United States, with little progress made in its clinical management. Blood clots have been shown to elicit secondary brain injury after germinal matrix hemorrhage, by disrupting normal cerebrospinal fluid circulation and absorption after germinal matrix hemorrhage causing post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus development. Current evidence suggests that rapid hematoma resolution is necessary to improve neurological outcomes after hemorrhagic stroke. Various articles have demonstrated the beneficial effects of stimulating the polarization of microglia cells into the M2 phenotype, as it has been suggested that they play an essential role in the rapid phagocytosis of the blood clot after hemorrhagic models of stroke. N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor, has been shown to be neuroprotective after stroke. FPR2 activation has been associated with the upregulation of phagocytic macrophage clearance, yet its mechanism has not been fully explored. Recent literature suggests that FPR2 may play a role in the stimulation of scavenger receptor CD36. Scavenger receptor CD36 plays a vital role in microglia phagocytic blood clot clearance after germinal matrix hemorrhage. FPR2 has been shown to phosphorylate extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), which then promotes the transcription of the dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) gene. In this review, we present an intrinsic outline of the main components involved in FPR2 stimulation and hematoma resolution after germinal matrix hemorrhage.