Use of wearable technology in cardiac monitoring after cryptogenic stroke or embolic stroke of undetermined source: a systematic review

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: Prolonged cardiac monitoring after cryptogenic stroke or embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) is necessary to identify atrial fibrillation (AF) that requires anticoagulation. Wearable devices may improve AF detection compared to conventional management. We aimed to review the evidence for the use of wearable devices in post-cryptogenic stroke and post-ESUS monitoring. Methods: We performed a systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and clinicaltrials.gov on 21 July 2022, identifying all studies that investigated the use of wearable devices in patients with cryptogenic stroke or ESUS. The outcomes of AF detection were analysed. Literature reports on electrocardiogram (ECG)-based (external wearable, handheld, patch, mobile cardiac telemetry [MCT], smartwatch) and photoplethysmography (PPG)-based (smartwatch, smartphone) devices were summarised. Results: A total of 27 relevant studies were included (two randomised controlled trials, seven prospective trials, 10 cohort studies, six case series and two case reports). Only four studies compared wearable technology to Holter monitoring or implantable loop recorder, and these studies showed no significant differences on meta-analysis (odds ratio 2.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74–7.48, I2 = 70%). External wearable devices detected AF in 20.7% (95% CI 14.9–27.2, I2 = 76%) of patients and MCT detected new AF in 9.6% (95% CI 7.4%–11.9%, I2 = 56%) of patients. Other devices investigated included patch sensors, handheld ECG recorders and PPG-based smartphone apps, which demonstrated feasibility in the post-cryptogenic stroke and post-ESUS setting. Conclusion: Wearable devices that are ECG or PPG based are effective for paroxysmal AF detection after cryptogenic stroke and ESUS, but further studies are needed to establish how they compare with Holter monitors and implantable loop recorder.