1. Eulogizers of the past
2. See, Prioreschi P. A History of Medicine, vol. I, Primitive and Ancient Medicine. Omaha: Horatius Press, 1996, Foreword
3. Kiel mentions several discoveries made in the Middle Ages ‘which obtained emphasis in the 20th century through the granting of awards and honors.’ Among those are, according to the author, cerebral localizations, pedicle flap surgery, and antisepsis, see, Kiel G. Spongia Somnifera: Mittelalterliche Meilensteine auf dem Weg zur Voll- und Lokalnarkose. Anaesthesist 1989; 38: 643–648
4. Kiel G. Spongia Somnifera: Mittelalterliche Meilensteine auf dem Weg zur Voll- und Lokalnarkose. Anaesthesist, XXXVIII, 1989; 38: 643–648
5. A plant native to Southern Europe that has emetic and narcotic properties. It was believed to utter a shriek that would kill whoever pulled it from the ground. For this reason it was said that dogs were used for the purpose. Shakespeare, in Romeo and Juliet (IV, iii), says ‘And shrieks like mandrakes’ torn out of the earth.’ For the pharmacology of the alkaloids of mandrake, see below