The Effect of Micro/Nano Roughness on Antifouling and Bactericidal Surfaces

Abstract

The importance of microorganisms, especially bacteria, has often been underestimated, yet they have vital roles in staying in the environment and affecting human health and industries. These microorganisms have complex systems and change quickly over time, becoming more resistant. The spread of harmful microorganisms has negative effects on industries and human health. Even microorganisms that seem harmless can be a big problem because they are becoming more resistant to normal cleaning and antibiotics. They resist ways like creating strong biofilms, which make these microorganisms even tougher and help infections spread. Although there are other options like using heat or chemicals, the problem of bacterial resistance is still a big worry for health and industries. Trying out new ideas that do not use chemicals or antibiotics, like using superhydrophobic surfaces, could be a big solution. These surfaces use both special chemicals and changes in how they feel to water to stop bacteria from sticking and growing. By looking for new ways, we can get better at dealing with these microorganisms and find better ways to live with them.