Embryotropic actions of follistatin: paracrine and autocrine mediators of oocyte competence and embryo developmental progression

Abstract

Despite several decades since the birth of the first test tube baby and the first calf derived from an in vitro-fertilised embryo, the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies remains less than ideal. Poor oocyte competence is a major factor limiting the efficiency of in vitro embryo production. Developmental competence obtained during oocyte growth and maturation establishes the foundation for successful fertilisation and preimplantation embryonic development. Regulation of molecular and cellular events during fertilisation and embryo development is mediated, in part, by oocyte-derived factors acquired during oocyte growth and maturation and programmed by factors of follicular somatic cell origin. The available evidence supports an important intrinsic role for oocyte-derived follistatin and JY-1 proteins in mediating embryo developmental progression after fertilisation, and suggests that the paracrine and autocrine actions of oocyte-derived growth differentiation factor 9, bone morphogenetic protein 15 and follicular somatic cell-derived members of the fibroblast growth factor family impact oocyte competence and subsequent embryo developmental progression after fertilisation. An increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating oocyte competence and stage-specific developmental events during early embryogenesis is crucial for further improvements in assisted reproductive technologies.