CRISPR-Mediated Adaptive Immune Systems in Bacteria and Archaea

Author:

Sorek Rotem1,Lawrence C. Martin23,Wiedenheft Blake4

Affiliation:

1. Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;

2. Thermal Biology Institute,

3. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and

4. Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717;,

Abstract

Effective clearance of an infection requires that the immune system rapidly detects and neutralizes invading parasites while strictly avoiding self-antigens that would result in autoimmunity. The cellular machinery and complex signaling pathways that coordinate an effective immune response have generally been considered properties of the eukaryotic immune system. However, a surprisingly sophisticated adaptive immune system that relies on small RNAs for sequence-specific targeting of foreign nucleic acids was recently discovered in bacteria and archaea. Molecular vaccination in prokaryotes is achieved by integrating short fragments of foreign nucleic acids into a repetitive locus in the host chromosome known as a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat). Here we review the mechanisms of CRISPR-mediated immunity and discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications of these adaptive defense systems.

Publisher

Annual Reviews

Subject

Biochemistry

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