1. 1Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
2. 2Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
3. 3Anesthesiology Residency, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
4. 4Departments of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, General Anesthesiology and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.