Kir4.1 deletion prevents salt-sensitive hypertension in early streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice via Na+–Cl− cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule

Abstract

Objectives: Functional impairment of renal sodium handling and blood pressure (BP) homeostasis is an early characteristic manifestation of type 1 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: Metabolic cages, radio-telemetry, immunoblotting, and electrophysiology were utilized to examine effects of high salt (8% NaCl, HS) intake on Na+/K+ balance, BP, Na+–Cl− cotransporter (NCC) function, and basolateral K+ channel activity in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) under diabetic conditions. Results: Improper Na+ balance, hypernatremia, and a mild but significant increase in BP were found in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice in response to HS intake for 7 days. Compared to the vehicle, STZ mice showed increased Kir4.1 expression and activity in the DCT, a more negative membrane potential, higher NCC abundance, and enhanced hydrochlorothiazide-induced natriuretic effect. However, HS had no significant effect on basolateral Kir4.1 expression/activity and DCT membrane potential, or NCC activity under diabetic conditions, despite a downregulation in phosphorylated NCC abundance. In contrast, HS significantly downregulated the expression of Na+–H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) and cleaved epithelial sodium channel-γ in STZ mice, despite an increase in NHE3 abundance after STZ treatment. Kir4.1 deletion largely abolished STZ-induced upregulation of NCC expression and prevented BP elevation during HS intake. Interestingly, HS causes severe hypokalemia in STZ-treated kidney-specific Kir4.1 knockout (Ks-Kir4.1 KO) mice and lead to death within a few days, which could be attributed to a higher circulating aldosterone level. Conclusions: We concluded that Kir4.1 is required for upregulating NCC activity and may be essential for developing salt-sensitive hypertension in early STZ-induced diabetes.