Reliable Long-Term Serial Evaluation of Cochlear Function Using Pulsed Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emissions: Analyzing Levels and Pressure Time Courses

Abstract

Objectives: To date, there is no international standard on how to use distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in serial measurements to accurately detect changes in the function of the cochlear amplifier due, for example, to ototoxic therapies, occupational noise, or the development of regenerative therapies. The use of clinically established standard DPOAE protocols for serial monitoring programs appears to be hampered by multiple factors, including probe placement and calibration effects, signal-processing complexities associated with multiple sites of emission generation as well as suboptimal selection of stimulus parameters. Design: Pulsed DPOAEs were measured seven times within 3 months for f 2 = 1 to 14 kHz and L 2 = 25 to 80 dB SPL in 20 ears of 10 healthy participants with normal hearing (mean age = 32.1 ± 9.7 years). L 1 values were computed from individual optimal-path parameters derived from the corresponding individual DPOAE level map in the first test session. Three different DPOAE metrics for evaluating the functional state of the cochlear amplifier were investigated with respect to their test-retest reliability: (1) the interference-free, nonlinear-distortion component level (L OD), (2) the time course of the DPOAE-envelope levels, L DP(t), and (3) the squared, zero-lag correlation coefficient ( ) between the time courses of the DPOAE-envelope pressures, p DP(t), measured in two sessions. The latter two metrics include the two main DPOAE components and their state of interference. Results: Collated over all sessions and frequencies, the median absolute difference for L OD was 1.93 dB and for L DP(t) was 2.52 dB; the median of was 0.988. For the low (f 2 = 1 to 3 kHz), mid (f 2 = 4 to 9 kHz), and high (f 2 = 10 to 14 kHz) frequency ranges, the test-retest reliability of L OD increased with increasing signal to noise ratio (SNR). Conclusions: On the basis of the knowledge gained from this study on the test-retest reliability of pulsed DPOAE signals and the current literature, we propose a DPOAE protocol for future serial monitoring applications that takes into account the following factors: (1) separation of DPOAE components, (2) use of individually optimal stimulus parameters, (3) SNR of at least 15 dB, (4) accurate pressure calibration, (5) consideration of frequency- and level-dependent test-retest reliabilities and corresponding reference ranges, and (6) stimulus levels L 2 that are as low as possible with sufficient SNR to capture the nonlinear functional state of the cochlear amplifier operating at its highest gain.